English

This thesis demonstrates how the proper application of theoretical archaeological and osteological methods to archival documents can be both illuminating and vital to create a fuller understanding of those who have been historically silenced. By performing an archival analysis informed by an archaeological background, the first four volumes of the Registers of Liberated Africans from Freetown, Sierra Leone are "excavated." In addition to demographic data, four categories of analysis are presented, including Types of Illness and Symptoms, Types of Trauma, Types of Injury and/or Illness, and Multiple Symptoms and Illness. This data was collected during participation in a much larger transcription project using a unique methodology. The following analysis was conducted using a collection of interdisciplinary theories, including theoretical osteoarchaeology, practical osteology, medical anthropology, archival and linguistic analysis and numerical presentation. Discussions include the frequency of diseases, slave ships and barracoons as disease environments, potential causes for common injuries, the difficulties and evolution of medical language, and the limitations of both archival and archaeological work for medical and trauma investigation. While both archival and archaeological methods miss key information, using them in tandem offers a more complete view of a historical person and their life experiences.

Author Keywords: Archive, Disease, Liberated Africans, Osteoarchaeology, Sierra Leone, Trauma

Animal migration is defined as the seasonal movement from one independent and non-overlapping range to another. Understanding how and why animals migrate is important not only to understand their life history processes but also for informing other important ecological processes such as the spread of wildlife disease and habitat alteration. Animal migrations have been impacted by human activity with instances of complete loss of migrations in human-altered areas. Understanding the drivers of migration can help predict responses to future environmental changes and potentially help conserve these phenomena. Seasonal movements of white-tailed deer (deer; Odocoileus virginianus; Zimmerman, 1780) have been linked to seasonal changes in environmental conditions that impact their ability to find food resources and risk of predation. The human shield hypothesis posits that prey species will select habitat close to people to use predator fear of humans to protect themselves from predation. Using global positioning system (GPS) collars, we examined the onset of deer migrations and assessed how environmental variables including snow, temperature, and plant biomass influenced migration departure dates using time-to-event models. We compared deer locations to data from GPS collared coyotes (Canis latrans; Say, 1823) within the same study area to explore daily space-use differences and examine if deer migrations were food or predation-risk driven using generalized linear mixed effects regression models. We found substantial annual and individual variation in deer migration dates. Snow depth was the strongest and most consistent predictor of deer migration, with individuals departing earlier with greater snow depth. Our regression analyses showed that deer selected for habitats closer to and with greater density of anthropogenic structures than coyotes at all times. After removing the animal locations close to areas with active supplemental feeding, these effects were diminished showing no differences in proximity or density of structures. Overall, we found more support for a food driven migration rather than a predator driven human shield. With the reduction in natural food caused by snow cover, we suggest that supplemental feeding is likely influencing the use of wintering areas by deer. The high proportion of deer migrating to human developed areas with supplemental feeders highlights the need for continued research into the impacts of human activity on animal behaviour.

Author Keywords: coyote, human shield, migration, supplemental feeding, white-tailed deer

It is widely believed that basic mental processes involved in skilled reading are automatic in the sense that they occur without intention. Evidence that reading occurs without intention comes from the observation that the meaning of a colour word (e.g., "red") affects the time to name the ink-colour of the word in the Stroop task. Evidence also suggests that non-colour words (e.g., house) interfere even though they are irrelevant to the colour naming task. The present study examined which reading processes are triggered without intention in the non-colour word Stroop task. One hundred and twenty skilled English readers completed both a reading aloud task and a colour naming task. In order to identify the reading processes triggered without intention, three psycholinguistic variables were examined, lexicality, word frequency, and neighbourhood density. The findings suggest that processing up to and including the activation of orthographic lexical representations occurs without intention and that intention is required to activate all subsequent reading processes.

Author Keywords: Attention, Reading, Stroop Effect, Visual Word Recognition

Positive coaching techniques are gaining prominence in the sport of Gymnastics. Coaches are focusing on positive reinforcement, encouragement, and constructive feedback rather than relying solely on traditional, more authoritarian coaching methods. Furthermore, technology is being used to enhance coach-athlete relationships. Video analysis tools and performance tracking software allow for more detailed feedback and communication between coaches and gymnasts. Previous research has shown that sensory feedback, and physical cues and guidance impact both motor learning and motor skill performance. Spotting is a form of physical guidance (touch) that may be used by gymnastics coaches during both the learning phase of a skill and during performance, even after mastery. This research has examined whether and how spotting with touch influences the athlete's skill performance and confidence. The current study explored how spotting affects both skill performance and self-confidence of participants as they performed a basic skill (a backward jump onto a specified target) they have already mastered. We asked Intermediate-level gymnasts to perform a backward jump from height under two levels of landing difficulty, while being spotted with and without touch. Their confidence was measured in each condition using a brief survey. The timing, accuracy and precision of their landing was measured from video recordings of their performance. We evaluated the relationship between touch and skill performance to determine if it is affected by athlete self-confidence. It was hypothesized that physical guidance in the form of spot with touch would improve the accuracy and precision of the jump landing and that athletes would report higher levels of self-confidence in the touch versus no touch condition. We found no significant differences in skill performance and landing stability as assessed by rate of force development and peak force. We found that participants reported significantly higher levels of self-confidence when receiving spot with touch in the easy landing condition.

Author Keywords: gymnastics, physical guidance, self-confidence, skill performance, spotting, touch

Globally, wildlife populations are experiencing increasing rates of range loss, population decline, and extinction. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) have experienced dramatic declines in both range and population size across Canada over the past century. Boreal caribou (R. t. caribou), one of twelve Designatable Units, have lost approximately half of their historic range in the last 150 years, particularly along the southern edge of their distribution. Despite this northward contraction, some populations have persisted at the trailing range edge, over 150 km south of the boreal continuous range (BCR) in Ontario, along the coast and near-shore islands of Lake Superior. Better understanding the population structure and evolutionary history of caribou in the Lake Superior range (LSR) could help to inform conservation and management actions, such as the delineation of conservation or management units or translocations between populations. In this thesis, I use whole genome sequences from boreal, eastern migratory and barren-ground caribou sampled in Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec to investigate evolutionary history and population structure. I discovered that the LSR caribou form a distinct group but also some evidence of gene flow with the BCR. Notably, caribou from the LSR demonstrated relatively high levels of inbreeding (measured as Runs of Homozygosity; ROH) and genetic drift, which may contribute to the differentiation observed between caribou occupying the two ranges. Despite inbreeding, the LSR caribou retained Heterozygosity Rich Regions (HRR). I found genomic structure among caribou populations from the LSR and BCR but found these two ranges had similar demographic histories. My analyses indicate that the LSR caribou display distinct genomic characteristics but share ancestry with the BCR, with historical gene flow between these two ranges. Collectively, this dissertation characterizes the population structure and evolutionary history of caribou from the southernmost range in Ontario, providing key insights for the conservation and management of these small and isolated populations.

This thesis is focused on studying the population dynamics of a predator-prey system in a patchy environment, taking anti-predation responses into consideration. Firstly, we conduct mathematical analysis on the equilibrium solutions of the system. Using techniques from calculus we show that particular steady state solutions exist when the parameters of the system meet certain criteria. We then show that a further set of conditions leads to the local stability of these solutions. The second step is to extend the existing mathematical analysis by way of numerical simulations. We use octave to confirm the previous results, as well as to show that more complicated dynamics can exist, such as stable oscillations. We consider more complex and meaningful functions for nonlinear dispersal between patches and nonlinear predation, and show that the proposed model exhibits behaviours we expect to see in a population model.

Author Keywords: Anti-predation response, Asymptotic stability, Dispersal, Patch model, Population dynamics, Predator-prey

AbstractOral Language and the Approximate Number System – A Preliminary Study Janice Shewen The approximate number system (ANS) involves the processing of rudimentary quantity and is thought to be an innate developmental building block for mathematics and its sister construct, the symbolic system. The conventional belief is that the ANS is language independent; however, this notion is questioned and explored in the current study, which represents a preliminary investigation into the concurrent and longitudinal relations between different aspects of oral language and the ANS in 4-year-old children and one year later when they were 5. A sample of 26 children (13 boys;13 girls) with average intelligence completed standardized measures of oral language and verbal memory, and a computerized quantity discrimination task that required children to accurately discern between two visually presented quantities. Correlational analysis showed concurrent and longitudinal relations between different aspects of language and quantity discrimination. This suggests that different aspects of language predict quantity discrimination over a one-year period and challenge the current and accepted theory that the ANS is a language independent system. The findings also have implications for early childhood education – avenues to strengthen a child's ANS via targeted oral language instruction, curricula, and subsequent provision of experiences. The findings also support early oral language screening to monitor or provide opportunities for improving quantity approximation skills. This early intervention could impact later symbolic processing and mathematic success. Keywords: Non-symbolic system, approximate number system, quantity discrimination, symbolic system, oral language, morphology, syntax, semantics, relational concepts.

Author Keywords: Approximate Number System, Non-symbolic system, oral language, quantity discrimination, symbolic system

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is a label-free chemical imaging modality that uses CARS as a contrast mechanism to spatially resolve materials based on their molecular vibrational spectra. Due to the presence of a non resonant background that obfuscates the chemical information contained in CARS spectra, CARS images suffer from poor contrast and cannot be readily used for quantitative chemical analysis. Over the past two decades, spectral retrieval methods have been developed to obtain Raman-like spectra from CARS spectra. These methods promise to improve image contrast and enable reliable quantitative analysis. In this work I systematically evaluate a selection of the forefront spectral retrieval methods, including both analytical and machine learning approaches, to determine how well they perform at the task of non resonant background removal. The more recent machine learning methods demonstrate remarkable performance on spectra resembling the training dataset but are not as suitable as the analytical methods in general. The analytical methods based on the discrete Hilbert transform thus remain preferable due to their ease-of-use and general applicability.

Author Keywords: chemical imaging, coherent anti-stokes raman scattering, kramers-kronig analysis, machine learning, non-resonant background, spectral phase retrieval

This thesis employs zooarchaeological, taphonomic, and spatial analysis to reconstruct subsistence behaviors of Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals using layer V of Abric del Pastor as a case study. Located in Alcoy, Alicante, Spain, Abric del Pastor is a cave shelter with occupation layers dated from MIS 5 through 3. The faunal assemblage is examined on two time scales: i) a longer time frame focused on large scale human occupation and use and ii) another, shorter time frame in an attempt to distinguish possible shorter anthropogenic events. The layer V assemblage is comprised of at least two occupation events, Occupation A and Occupation B. These are two relatively well-preserved anthropogenic accumulations dominated by medium sized taxa. In these occupations, the carcasses were likely transported from a separate kill site to the cave shelter to be processed and consumed. The taxonomic and taphonomic patterns uncovered in these occupation events are similar suggesting consistent behavioral patterns throughout Layer V. Ultimately, the faunal assemblage is typical of other MIS 5-3 rock shelters in the Iberian Peninsula. By examining the subsistence practices of layer V, dated to MIS 4, this work aims to fill a gap in the MIS 4 Iberian Peninsula literature and add to the conversation on how early hominins adapted to the changing climate.

Author Keywords: Abric del Pastor, Iberian Peninsula, Middle Paleolithic, Palimpsest, Time Perspectivism, Zooarchaeology

A key knowledge gap in aeolian transport research concerns the adjustment of saltation processes to the extreme conditions found within high-latitude regions. A series of wind tunnel experiments were carried out under full climate control and over a wide range in humidity. Particle entrainment and transport within shearing flows of varied wind speed were monitored over beds of varied temperature, and ice content to determine their affect on 1) particle trajectory, 2) saltation cloud height, 3) particle velocity, 4) surface erosivity, 5) mass transport rate and 6) vertical dust flux. Particles were found to have higher velocities over cold beds than dry beds. With a 3% increase in bed moisture content, a significant increase in particle velocity was measured. Fewer particles are ejected from a bed with moisture than a dry bed. The mass transport rate was measured to be 23% higher at -10 degrees Celsius compared to 30 degrees Celsius.

Author Keywords: Aeolian processes