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This qualitative study examines the applicability, impact, best practices, sustainability and livestock welfare implications of mobile processing service operation in central Ontario. Grounded theory concepts were utilized to analyze data generated from semi-structured interviews and a community focus group, supplemented by an initial exploratory literature review, and focused review approach to refine emergent categories. It was found that there is interest in, applicability for, and food system-sustainability benefit from mobile processing services, but market competition and regulatory context impede the profitability of operation, not just for mobile service, but for existing provincial plants. Public support for mobile or regionalized processing resources could address many of the sustainability concerns in our regional livestock production and consumption systems, but where appetite for such political action does not exist, solutions are required if we hope to address the continuing centralization, commodification, traditional profit-maximization and negative externality generation of our industrialized agri-food production system.

Author Keywords: agri-business production and distribution, livestock welfare, mobile abattoirs and livestock processing, regional food systems, rural-urban relations, sustainability

The AeolianBox is an educational and presentation tool extended in this thesis to

represent the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow over a deformable surface in the

sandbox. It is a hybrid hardware cum mathematical model which helps users to visually,

interactively and spatially fathom the natural laws governing ABL airflow. The

AeolianBox uses a Kinect V1 camera and a short focal length projector to capture the

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the topography within the sandbox. The captured

DEM is used to generate a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model and project the

ABL flow back onto the surface topography within the sandbox.

AeolianBox is designed to be used in a classroom setting. This requires a low

time cost for the ABL flow simulation to keep the students engaged in the classroom.

Thus, the process of DEM capture and CFD modelling were investigated to lower the

time cost while maintaining key features of the ABL flow structure. A mesh-time

sensitivity analysis was also conducted to investigate the tradeoff between the number of

cells inside the mesh and time cost for both meshing process and CFD modelling. This

allows the user to make an informed decision regarding the level of detail desired in the

ABL flow structure by changing the number of cells in the mesh.

There are infinite possible surface topographies which can be created by molding

sand inside the sandbox. Therefore, in addition to keeping the time cost low while

maintaining key features of the ABL flow structure, the meshing process and CFD

modelling are required to be robust to variety of different surface topographies.

To achieve these research objectives, in this thesis, parametrization is done for meshing process and CFD modelling.

The accuracy of the CFD model for ABL flow used in the AeolianBox was

qualitatively validated with airflow profiles captured in the Trent Environmental Wind

Tunnel (TEWT) at Trent University using the Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA). Three

simple geometries namely a hemisphere, cube and a ridge were selected since they are

well studied in academia. The CFD model was scaled to the dimensions of the grid where

the airflow was captured in TEWT. The boundary conditions were also kept the same as

the model used in the AeolianBox.

The ABL flow is simulated by using software like OpenFoam and Paraview to

build and visualize a CFD model. The AeolianBox is interactive and capable of detecting

hands using the Kinect camera which allows a user to interact and change the topography

of the sandbox in real time. The AeolianBox's software built for this thesis uses only

opensource tools and is accessible to anyone with an existing hardware model of its

predecessors.

Author Keywords: Augmented Reality, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Kinect Projector Calibration, OpenFoam, Paraview

Coldwater streams are becoming increasingly impacted due to urbanization. Using environmental surveys, mark-recapture and telemetry, I assessed factors influencing seasonal brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) habitat use and movement in urban headwater streams in central Ontario between 2017-18. Generalized additive models were used to assess which habitat variables best explained seasonal yearling and older brook trout abundance, while generalized least squares models were used to assess overall trends in radio-tagged brook trout movement. My research demonstrated dynamic patterns in habitat use and movement by urban stream-dwelling brook trout. Yearlings were primarily influenced by water quality (stream temperature, conductivity), while older brook trout were most strongly influenced by stream morphology (depth, undercut bank). Movement occurred disproportionately around the spawning season and was more limited in the smaller, more altered stream. These findings may be used to inform fisheries managers on crucial timing and location of brook trout habitat refugia within urbanized environments.

Author Keywords: Brook trout, coldwater stream, groundwater, habitat use, radiotelemetry, urbanization

Community-based research (CBR) is a method of discovery that can provide pragmatic methods of advocating for and enabling community change. CBR literature and practice has focused on securing educational and job skills training outcomes for students rather than the communities, and community outcomes CBR and partnership frameworks were truly meant to serve. This research evaluates the effectiveness of a research brokering organization, and the community outcomes that can be meaningfully related back to established partnerships and research. A linked contribution and realist evaluation were employed to consider the contributions of U-Links Centre for Community-Based Research to capacity building in Haliburton County, for host organizations, local municipalities and the public. A community survey (n=65), interviews with past project hosts and management committee members (n=26) anecdotal project exploration, internal document review, and participant observation from living in the region and working within the organization, offers qualitative and quantitative data to support this contribution narrative, while also theorizing key factors for developing projects with high contribution potential. Five key factors were found which can act as both contexts and mechanisms of community-based research mobilization: relevance, relationships, resources, rigour and reach.

Author Keywords: capacity building, community, community-based research, contribution analysis, evaluations, research impact

Blocking fossil fuel infrastructure projects like pipelines is increasingly being seen as a legitimate way for civil society groups to reduce global carbon emissions. This research project is an exploratory case study of the Trans Mountain pipeline in British Columbia and its opposition. My research question asks, 'What has each tactic/strategy of opposition in the campaign to stop the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion accomplished, and how have they been effective? How can they be done more effectively?' Through interviews and an autoethnography, my research explores the effectiveness of activists in this campaign. I analyze the results of my findings within social movement theory and other activist definitions of effectiveness from my literature review. The more significant findings from my research are that activists need to do a better job educating the public on the issue, need to direct more of their resources towards promoting a solution to the issue and make alliances with other movements and groups. This research project contributes to the literature on the effectiveness of oppositional strategies and tactics of pipeline resistance, as well as social movement theory.

Author Keywords: British Columbia, pipeline, protest, strategy, tactic, Trans Mountain

Invasive Phragmites australis ssp. australis (herein "Phragmites") has established and rapidly spread throughout many coastal areas of the Great Lakes. Known to displace native vegetation communities as it forms large, monotypic stands, Phragmites has a bad reputation when it comes to losses of biodiversity and habitat provision for wildlife. However, the extent to which Phragmites provides habitat for fish and invertebrates in coastal freshwater wetlands remains relatively unquantified. Thus, this study assessed whether fish assemblages and invertebrate communities in stands of Phragmites differ from those in stands of two native emergent vegetation communities, Typha spp. and Schoenoplectus spp. The findings showed significant differences in habitat variables among the vegetation communities in terms of water depth, macrophyte species richness, stem density and water quality. While abundance of the functional feeding group filterer-collectors was found to be significantly less in stands of Phragmites when compared to Schoenoplectus, no difference was observed in invertebrate taxa richness among vegetation communities. Lastly, no difference in fish assemblage or invertebrate community was detected when using multivariate analyses, implying that invasive Phragmites provides habitat that appears to be as valuable for fish and invertebrates as other emergent vegetation types in the St. Clair River Delta. The findings of this study will ultimately benefit the literature on invasive Phragmites and its role as fish habitat in freshwater wetlands, and aid management agencies in decisions regarding control of the invasive species.

Author Keywords: aquatic invasive species, aquatic macroinvertebrates, freshwater fish, freshwater wetlands, nMDS, Phragmites

Syrphids, also known as hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are a diverse and widespread family of flies. Here, I report on their distributions from a previously understudied region, the far north of Ontario, as well as Akimiski Island, Nunavut. I used samples collected through a variety of projects to update known range and provincial records for over a hundred species, bringing into clearer focus the distribution of syrphids throughout this region. I also analysed a previously un-tested trap type for collecting syrphids (Nzi trap), and report on results of DNA analysis for a handful of individuals, which yielded a potential new species.

Author Keywords: Diptera, Ontario, range extension, Syrphidae

Competition is known to impact population dynamics through both indirect and direct interactions, and direct interactions can often lead to injury in one or both parties. As such, response to injury through tissue regeneration can be important for surviving post-competitive interaction. However, the impacts of outside factors like temperature and genome size (e.g. polyploidy) are not well studied, especially in syntopic systems. We addressed this knowledge gap by comparing regeneration rates of diploid Ambystoma laterale and triploid unisexual Ambystoma at two ecologically-relevant temperatures. Environmental factors appeared to have stronger effects on regeneration than ploidy level, but overall mass was impacted more strongly by ploidy level. Interestingly, there was an interaction between temperature and time within unisexuals that was absent when comparing different ploidy levels, implying temperature has a more complex effect on polyploids. This study supports the hypothesis that polyploid organisms are better equipped to respond to shifts in their environments, which can give them a competitive advantage at the northern range limit of this species complex.

Author Keywords: Ambystoma, Genome dosage, Hybrid vigor, Polyploidy, Thermal optimum, Tissue regeneration

Public transportation systems play important role in the quality of life of citizens

in any metropolitan city. However, public transportation authorities face

criticisms from commuters due to irregularities in bus arrival times. For example,

transit bus users often complain when they miss the bus because it arrived too

early or too late at the bus stop. Due to these irregularities, commuters may miss

important appointments, wait for too long at the bus stop, or arrive late for work.

This thesis seeks to predict the occurrence of irregularities in bus arrival times by

developing machine learning models that use GPS locations of transit buses provided

by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) and hourly weather data. We

found that in nearly 37% of the time, buses either arrive early or late by more than

5 minutes, suggesting room for improvement in the current strategies employed by

transit authorities. We compared the performance of three machine learning models,

for which our Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) [13] model outperformed all

other models in terms of accuracy. The error rate for LSTM model was the lowest

among Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR). The

improved accuracy achieved by LSTM is due to its ability to adjust and update the

weights of neurons while maintaining long-term dependencies when encountering

new stream of data.

Author Keywords: ANN, LSTM, Machine Learning

Predation risk can elicit a range of responses in prey, but to date little is known about breadth of potential responses that may arise under realistic field conditions and how such responses are linked, leaving a fragmented picture of risk-related consequences on individuals. We increased predation risk in free-ranging snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) during two consecutive summers by simulating natural chases using a model predator (i.e., domestic dog), and monitored hare stress physiology, energy expenditure, behaviour, condition, and habitat use. We show that higher levels of risk elicited marked changes in physiological stress metrics including sustained high levels of free plasma cortisol which had cascading effects on glucose, and immunology, but not condition. Risk-augmented hares also had lowered daily energy expenditure, spent more time foraging, and decreased rest, vigilance, and travel. It is possible that these alterations allowed risk-exposed hares to increase their condition at the same rate as controls. Additionally, risk-augmented hares selected, had high fidelity to, and were more mobile in structurally dense habitat (i.e., shrubs) which provided them additional cover from predators. They also used more open habitat (i.e., conifer) differently based on locale within the home range, using familiar conifer areas within cores for rest while moving through unfamiliar conifer areas in the periphery. Overall, these findings show that prey can have a multi-faceted, highly plastic response in the face of risk and can mitigate the effects of their stress physiology given the right environmental conditions.

Author Keywords: behaviour, condition, daily energy expenditure, predator-prey interactions, snowshoe hare, stress physiology